
Clinical Pathology for Veterinary Technologists






















A mixed population of small and large intermediate cells are seen. Red blood cells are also present.

Superficial cells make up the vast majority of the cells seen. Many are also cornified.

Parabasal and intermediate cells return. Superficial cells are absent.

Adhered to the surface of a cornified superficial cell.

Neutrophils and a small intermediate cell present on a vaginal smear.

Neutrophils and red blood cells present on a vaginal smear.

Parabasal vaginal epithelial cells (arrows) with small intermediate cells (arrow heads).

Small intermediate vaginal epithelial cell.

Large intermediate vaginal epithelial cells.

Cornified superficial vaginal epithelial cell (arrow). Note the pyknotic nucleus. Anuclear superficial cell is also present (arrow head).

Anuclear superficial vaginal epithelial cell. These cell types predominate during the estrus period.


Variation in the size of the nucleoli.



Mass consisting of adipocytes, which are a mesenchymal-type cell. (From Rosenfeld, Andrew J. and Dial, Sharon M. 2010. Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team, Ames: Blackwell Publishing.

From lung aspirate (From Hendrix, Charles M. and Sirois, Margi. 2007. Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Elsevier)

Periotoneal fluid. Phagocytosed bacteria noted within neutrophils. Defined as "septic"

Macrophage containing a phagocytosed neutrophil from a peritoneal fluid sample.

Degenerative neutrophils displaying karyolysis. The nuclear membrane has lost its integrity causing the nucleus to appear "lacy" and density.

Pyknotic nucleus displaying the dark and condensed morphology. The segmentation of the nucleus is described as Karyorrhexis.

Neutrophils present in a peritoneal fluid sample. The fluid is classified as suppurative as it contains a majority of neutrophils.

Also present: neutrophils and red blood cells


Stained with live/dead stain. White cells are live, while pink cells that absorb the stain are dead.